Foundations of the Babylonian Sexagesimal System Influencing Modern Timekeeping

Babylonian mathematicians divided circles into 360 degrees and hours into 60 minutes, a system still used today.

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The 360-degree circle may have been chosen because 360 has many divisors, simplifying fractional calculations.

Babylonian scholars employed a base-60 numerical system known as sexagesimal notation. This structure facilitated fractional calculation and astronomical observation. By the 2nd millennium BC, scribes were applying it to geometry and time measurement. The division of the circle into 360 degrees likely reflects this mathematical framework. Astronomical diaries required consistent angular measurement. Over centuries, Greek scholars adopted and transmitted these conventions. The legacy persisted into modern navigation and timekeeping. Numerical innovation transcended empire. Ancient calculation shaped contemporary clocks.

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Sexagesimal mathematics improved precision in astronomy and land surveying. Standardized measurement supported administrative planning. Mathematical consistency enhanced predictive modeling of celestial events. Cross-cultural transmission extended Babylonian influence beyond political lifespan. Numerical systems outlived territorial control. Abstract innovation proved more durable than walls. Intellectual infrastructure became enduring export.

For scribes, mastering base-60 arithmetic defined professional competence. Calculations required disciplined training and memorization. The rhythm of division shaped classroom routine. Modern individuals unknowingly inherit this structure when reading a clock. A glance at a minute hand echoes ancient clay tablets. Time carries Babylonian imprint.

Source

Encyclopaedia Britannica - sexagesimal system

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