Sacred Calendar 260-Day Tonalpohualli Structured Aztec Divination and Governance

Every day in the Aztec world carried a distinct name and omen within a 260-day ritual calendar.

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The 260-day ritual calendar was shared across several Mesoamerican cultures long before the rise of the Aztec Empire.

The tonalpohualli was a 260-day sacred calendar combining 20 day signs with 13 numbers. Priests interpreted this cycle to determine auspicious dates for ceremonies, warfare, and agriculture. The system operated alongside a 365-day solar calendar, creating interlocking cycles. Calendar priests maintained codices recording divinatory meanings. Political decisions often aligned with favorable calendar days. Timekeeping thus integrated cosmology and governance. Ritual scheduling reinforced social order. Chronology structured power.

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Institutionally, the sacred calendar centralized priestly authority. Divination influenced military campaigns and civic rituals. Synchronization of ceremonies unified the population under shared temporal rhythm. Calendar literacy required specialized training. Governance intertwined with cosmological calculation. Time became instrument of control. Order derived from sequence.

For families, birth dates carried predictive significance shaping identity. The irony lies in abstract cycles directing concrete decisions. Individuals consulted priests before major life events. Agricultural timing intersected with ritual obligation. Calendar repetition fostered continuity. Days carried meaning beyond measurement. Time shaped destiny.

Source

Encyclopaedia Britannica

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