Oil Palm Expansion 2000-2020 Converted Millions of Hectares of Tiger Range in Sumatra

Palm oil plantations replaced vast stretches of Sumatran tiger habitat within two decades.

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Palm oil is one of the most widely used vegetable oils globally due to its high yield per hectare.

Between 2000 and 2020, Indonesia expanded oil palm cultivation significantly, particularly in Sumatra. Large tracts of lowland forest, historically prime tiger habitat, were converted into monoculture plantations. Tigers rarely persist in intensively managed palm landscapes. The conversion fragments remaining forests into isolated blocks. Global demand for palm oil in processed foods, cosmetics, and biofuels fuels this expansion. While certification schemes attempt to reduce environmental harm, enforcement varies. Habitat conversion at industrial scale reshapes predator distribution. The tiger’s territory contracts in proportion to plantation growth.

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Palm oil is embedded in global supply chains, making tiger conservation partly a consumer issue. Certification bodies and corporate pledges aim to limit deforestation-linked sourcing. However, smallholder expansion and illegal clearing complicate oversight. International financial markets influence land valuation and agricultural incentives. Conservation strategies must therefore operate within economic frameworks, not outside them. The structural driver is demand, not ignorance.

For the tiger, monoculture landscapes offer limited prey diversity and cover. Crossing open plantation terrain increases detection risk and conflict. The forest-to-plantation transition represents a shift from ecological complexity to industrial uniformity. Survival requires either forest preservation or restoration. Without systemic land-use reform, territory shrinkage continues incrementally. Each hectare cleared tightens demographic margins.

Source

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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