Yoke Allocation Lists Reveal Centralized Control of Draft Animals in Ur III Period

Ur III administrators recorded which households were responsible for supplying oxen to state projects.

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Some tablets specify replacement provisions if an ox was injured during public service.

Tablets from the Ur III period detail allocations of draft animals for agricultural and construction tasks. Households were assigned obligations to provide oxen during specific seasons. Officials tracked animal condition, usage duration, and return dates. This centralized registry minimized overuse and ensured equitable distribution of labor burdens. Draft animals represented valuable capital within agrarian society. Coordinated scheduling balanced state demands with private farming needs. Administrative precision prevented resource depletion. Infrastructure development relied on documented animal logistics. Power extended through controlled traction.

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Central oversight of oxen improved efficiency in large-scale projects. Predictable scheduling reduced agricultural disruption. Asset tracking limited disputes between households and officials. Institutional management enhanced long-term productivity. Economic planning integrated animal capital into fiscal systems. Governance optimized biological resources. Administrative detail reinforced authority.

For farmers, contributing oxen signified civic participation and economic risk. Temporary reassignment required trust in fair compensation. Animal welfare directly affected family livelihood. The irony is that early state power rested partly on controlling livestock rosters. Civilization advanced through organized muscle.

Source

University of Chicago Oriental Institute

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