Xenophobic Trade Restrictions Appeared in Late Sumerian Administrative Texts

Some late Sumerian records suggest foreign merchants faced stricter oversight than local traders.

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Cylinder seals were often used to secure goods in transit, functioning like ancient tamper-evident signatures.

Administrative tablets from the late 3rd millennium BCE reveal detailed tracking of incoming goods and personnel. While trade was essential, foreign merchants were often registered and monitored through temple institutions. Specific terminology distinguished outsiders from local citizens. Ration allocations and lodging arrangements were recorded for visiting traders. These controls likely aimed to prevent fraud and ensure tax compliance. The bureaucratic impulse extended to managing cross-border commerce. Documentation reflects both openness to exchange and caution toward strangers. Economic integration required administrative safeguards. Early globalization came with paperwork.

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Oversight of foreign traders protected state revenue streams. By documenting transactions, authorities minimized unregulated exchange. The practice reveals early awareness of economic risk management. Institutional trust depended on record verification. Regulatory habits foreshadow later customs systems. Administrative caution coexisted with commercial ambition. Governance adapted to expanding trade networks.

For visiting merchants, opportunity was paired with scrutiny. Registration procedures formalized their temporary presence. Compliance determined access to markets and safe passage. Cultural exchange unfolded within monitored boundaries. The irony is that one of humanity's earliest trading civilizations also documented its suspicion. Openness and control developed together.

Source

Encyclopaedia Britannica

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