Khipu Decimal System Enabled Accurate Census Across Millions of Subjects

Using a base-10 structure, Inca administrators tracked population data across an empire spanning nearly 2 million square kilometers.

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Modern researchers are still attempting to decode potential narrative information embedded within surviving khipu.

Khipu, also spelled quipu, employed a decimal system in which knot position indicated units, tens, hundreds, and thousands. Census information was recorded by trained officials known as quipucamayocs. Spanish accounts from the 16th century describe their use in counting households and tribute. The empire at its height governed millions of inhabitants. Decimal hierarchy allowed scalable data organization. Knot color and cord placement encoded administrative categories. Data accuracy supported labor taxation and military planning. Numerical literacy compensated for absence of alphabetic script. Census control reinforced centralized authority.

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Reliable demographic data strengthened state planning. Accurate population counts ensured equitable labor distribution. Military conscription relied on predictable records. Bureaucratic precision enhanced economic redistribution. Administrative scalability expanded territorial reach. Numerical systems underwrote imperial stability. Information became power.

For record keepers, mastery of khipu interpretation conferred elite status. The irony lies in how fiber cords outperformed parchment in mountainous climates. Data storage adapted to environment. Knots secured empire.

Source

Encyclopaedia Britannica

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