Yoke Taxes and Labor Obligations in Old Babylonian Agricultural Policy

Old Babylonian farmers owed not only grain but scheduled labor measured in days of service.

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Some tablets specify exact numbers of labor days owed, demonstrating detailed manpower accounting.

Administrative tablets from the Old Babylonian period document corvée labor obligations alongside tax payments. Farmers were required to provide workforce participation for irrigation maintenance and construction. These duties were recorded in standardized accounting systems. Failure to fulfill labor quotas could trigger penalties. The system allowed the state to mobilize manpower without permanent standing armies. Agricultural productivity and public works were therefore intertwined. Labor taxation converted rural households into infrastructure contributors. Governance operated through obligation as much as currency.

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Corvée systems reduced fiscal strain by substituting labor for silver payments. Irrigation canals, walls, and roads benefited from coordinated manpower. This approach enhanced state capacity in a resource-constrained environment. However, excessive demands risked social unrest. Balancing extraction with sustainability was a constant challenge. Administrative documentation improved predictability. Structured labor policy supported imperial resilience.

For rural families, service days meant time away from fields. Seasonal planning revolved around official summons. Participation reinforced collective identity yet imposed strain. The state's presence felt immediate during canal repair season. Shared toil created shared dependency. Empire was experienced through scheduled work rather than distant decree.

Source

Encyclopaedia Britannica - Mesopotamia

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