Obelisk of Aksum Removal in 1937 Symbolized Colonial Appropriation

In 1937, Fascist Italy dismantled a 24-meter Aksumite obelisk and transported it to Rome as a war trophy.

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Italy completed the return of the Obelisk of Aksum to Ethiopia in 2005 after decades of diplomatic negotiation.

After Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, the regime of Benito Mussolini ordered the removal of one of Aksum’s monumental stelae. The obelisk, carved in the 4th century CE, stood approximately 24 meters tall. It was cut into sections, transported to the port of Massawa, and shipped to Italy. In 1937 it was reassembled near the Circus Maximus in Rome. The act symbolized imperial domination and cultural appropriation. For Ethiopia, the monument represented ancient sovereignty. Its removal severed a physical link to Aksumite heritage. The displacement transformed archaeology into propaganda. Stone became political theater.

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The seizure highlighted how colonial powers used antiquities to legitimize conquest. International pressure eventually mounted for repatriation. The episode raised questions about cultural property rights. It influenced later global debates on artifact restitution. Diplomatic negotiations continued for decades. Heritage law evolved partly through such disputes. Monumental art became subject of international policy.

For Ethiopians, the absence of the obelisk represented symbolic loss beyond material damage. The irony lies in endurance: a monument meant to project permanence was uprooted yet survived. Generations witnessed its exile and return. Identity proved less movable than stone. Cultural memory outlasted occupation. In 2005, the obelisk was finally returned and re-erected. Restoration closed a chapter carved in granite.

Source

UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Aksum

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